Meningitis

Introduction

Meningitis is an infection and inflammation of the fluid and membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, called meninges. Early meningitis symptoms may resemble the flu, developing over hours or a few days.

Causes

Meningitis can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Most infections are transmissible from person to person. Bacterial meningitis is the most dangerous type, potentially fatal within 24 hours.

Types of Meningitis

• Bacterial Meningitis
  • Caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream and traveling to the brain and spinal cord.
  • May result from ear/sinus infections, skull fractures, or rare surgeries.
• Viral Meningitis
  • Usually mild and self-resolving.
  • Caused by viruses like herpes simplex, HIV, mumps, and West Nile virus.
• Chronic Meningitis
  • Caused by slow-growing organisms like fungi and tuberculosis bacteria.
  • Develops over two weeks or more.
• Fungal Meningitis
  • Acquired by inhaling fungal spores found in soil, wood, and bird droppings.
  • Affects immunocompromised individuals.
  • Not contagious.
• Parasitic Meningitis
  • Rare compared to viral and bacterial types.
  • Caused by various parasites affecting the brain or nervous system.

Risk Factors

• Children under 5 years
• Pregnant women
• Community living
• Skipping vaccinations
• Immunocompromised patients

Modes of Transmission

• Respiratory droplets/throat secretions
• Mother-to-child transmission around childbirth
• Close and prolonged contact

Incubation Period

Typically 4 days (range: 2–10 days).

Symptoms

• Fever
• Headache
• Stiff neck
• Sensitivity to light
• Confusion/trouble concentrating
• Skin rash
• Nausea/vomiting
• Loss of appetite/thirst

Diagnosis

• Blood tests
• Stool samples
• Nasal or throat swabs
• Lumbar puncture/spinal tap

Complications

• Hearing loss
• Learning disabilities
• Memory problems
• Seizures
• Kidney failure
• Trouble walking
• Death

When to Visit the Doctor

• If you have meningitis symptoms
• After close contact with someone who has meningitis

Treatment

Meningitis treatment depends on the cause:

• Bacterial Meningitis: Antibiotics
• Fungal Meningitis: Antifungals
• Viral Meningitis: Antivirals
• Non-infectious Causes: Addressing the underlying illness/injury

Prevention

• Practice good hygiene:
  • Wash hands frequently (before eating and after using the toilet).
  • Avoid sharing drinks, food, utensils, lip balms, or toothbrushes.
• Maintain immunity:
  • Rest, exercise, and eat a healthy diet.
• Pregnant women: Take precautions with food.
• Cover mouth/nose when coughing or sneezing.
• Cook food properly, especially hot dogs and deli meats.

Vaccination

Certain forms of bacterial meningitis are preventable through vaccination. Consult your doctor for appropriate vaccination options for you or your child.