Meningitis

Introduction

Meningitis is an infection and inflammation of the fluid and membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, called meninges. Early meningitis symptoms may resemble the flu, developing over hours or a few days.

Causes

Meningitis can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Most infections are transmissible from person to person. Bacterial meningitis is the most dangerous type, potentially fatal within 24 hours.

Types of Meningitis

Bacterial Meningitis
- Caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream and traveling to the brain and spinal cord.
- May result from ear/sinus infections, skull fractures, or rare surgeries.
Viral Meningitis
- Usually mild and self-resolving.
- Caused by viruses like herpes simplex, HIV, mumps, and West Nile virus.
Chronic Meningitis
- Caused by slow-growing organisms like fungi and tuberculosis bacteria.
- Develops over two weeks or more.
Fungal Meningitis
- Acquired by inhaling fungal spores found in soil, wood, and bird droppings.
- Affects immunocompromised individuals.
- Not contagious.
Parasitic Meningitis
- Rare compared to viral and bacterial types.
- Caused by various parasites affecting the brain or nervous system.

Risk Factors

Children under 5 years
Pregnant women
Community living
Skipping vaccinations
Immunocompromised patients

Modes of Transmission

Respiratory droplets/throat secretions
Mother-to-child transmission around childbirth
Close and prolonged contact

Incubation Period

Typically 4 days (range: 2–10 days).

Symptoms

Fever
Headache
Stiff neck
Sensitivity to light
Confusion/trouble concentrating
Skin rash
Nausea/vomiting
Loss of appetite/thirst

Diagnosis

Blood tests
Stool samples
Nasal or throat swabs
Lumbar puncture/spinal tap

Complications

Hearing loss
Learning disabilities
Memory problems
Seizures
Kidney failure
Trouble walking
Death

When to Visit the Doctor

If you have meningitis symptoms
After close contact with someone who has meningitis

Treatment

Meningitis treatment depends on the cause:

Bacterial Meningitis: Antibiotics
Fungal Meningitis: Antifungals
Viral Meningitis: Antivirals
Non-infectious Causes: Addressing the underlying illness/injury

Prevention

Practice good hygiene:
- Wash hands frequently (before eating and after using the toilet).
- Avoid sharing drinks, food, utensils, lip balms, or toothbrushes.
Maintain immunity:
- Rest, exercise, and eat a healthy diet.
Pregnant women: Take precautions with food.
Cover mouth/nose when coughing or sneezing.
Cook food properly, especially hot dogs and deli meats.

Vaccination

Certain forms of bacterial meningitis are preventable through vaccination. Consult your doctor for appropriate vaccination options for you or your child.