Pneumonia
Pneumonia
- Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs.The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material).
- Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening.
- It is most serious for infants and young children, people older than age 65, and people with health problems or weakened immune systems.
Causes
- Community-acquired pneumonia
- Bacteria: Can occur on its own or after a cold or the flu. It may affect one part (lobe) of the lung, known as lobar pneumonia.
- Fungi: Common in people with chronic health problems or weakened immune systems. Found in soil or bird droppings, and it varies by geographic location.
- Viruses (including COVID-19): Viruses that cause colds and the flu can also cause pneumonia, especially in children under 5 years.
- Hospital-acquired pneumonia
- Acquired during a hospital stay for another illness.
- Often caused by bacteria resistant to antibiotics.
- More likely in patients using ventilators in intensive care units.
- Health care-acquired pneumonia
- A bacterial infection in long-term care residents or outpatient care patients (e.g., dialysis centers).
- Caused by bacteria more resistant to antibiotics.
- Aspiration pneumonia
- Occurs when food, drink, vomit, or saliva is inhaled into the lungs.
- More likely with a disturbed gag reflex (e.g., brain injury, swallowing issues, or excessive alcohol or drug use).
Symptoms
Symptoms vary from mild to severe based on the germ, age, and overall health:
- Cough (may produce phlegm)
- Chest pain when breathing or coughing
- Fever, sweating, and shaking chills
- Fatigue
- Shortness of breath
- Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
- Confusion or mental awareness changes (especially in adults 65+)
- Lower than normal body temperature
Risk Factors
- Age Groups at Higher Risk:
- People 65 years or older
- Children 2 years or younger
- Other Risk Factors:
- Hospitalization: Higher risk if using a ventilator.
- Chronic diseases: Asthma, COPD, heart disease.
- Weakened immune systems: HIV/AIDS, organ transplants, chemotherapy, or long-term steroids.
- Smoking: Damages natural lung defenses.
Prevention
- Get vaccinated: Vaccines for some types of pneumonia and the flu are available. Consult your doctor.
- Ensure children are vaccinated.
- Practice good hygiene: Wash hands regularly or use alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
- Don't smoke: Smoking harms lung defenses.
- Keep your immune system strong: Sleep well, exercise, and maintain a healthy diet.