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Pneumonia

Pneumonia

  • Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs.The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material).
  • Pneumonia can range in seriousness from mild to life-threatening.
  • It is most serious for infants and young children, people older than age 65, and people with health problems or weakened immune systems.

Causes

  • Community-acquired pneumonia
    • Bacteria: Can occur on its own or after a cold or the flu. It may affect one part (lobe) of the lung, known as lobar pneumonia.
    • Fungi: Common in people with chronic health problems or weakened immune systems. Found in soil or bird droppings, and it varies by geographic location.
    • Viruses (including COVID-19): Viruses that cause colds and the flu can also cause pneumonia, especially in children under 5 years.
  • Hospital-acquired pneumonia
    • Acquired during a hospital stay for another illness.
    • Often caused by bacteria resistant to antibiotics.
    • More likely in patients using ventilators in intensive care units.
  • Health care-acquired pneumonia
    • A bacterial infection in long-term care residents or outpatient care patients (e.g., dialysis centers).
    • Caused by bacteria more resistant to antibiotics.
  • Aspiration pneumonia
    • Occurs when food, drink, vomit, or saliva is inhaled into the lungs.
    • More likely with a disturbed gag reflex (e.g., brain injury, swallowing issues, or excessive alcohol or drug use).

Symptoms

Symptoms vary from mild to severe based on the germ, age, and overall health:

  • Cough (may produce phlegm)
  • Chest pain when breathing or coughing
  • Fever, sweating, and shaking chills
  • Fatigue
  • Shortness of breath
  • Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea
  • Confusion or mental awareness changes (especially in adults 65+)
  • Lower than normal body temperature

Risk Factors

  • Age Groups at Higher Risk:
    • People 65 years or older
    • Children 2 years or younger
  • Other Risk Factors:
    • Hospitalization: Higher risk if using a ventilator.
    • Chronic diseases: Asthma, COPD, heart disease.
    • Weakened immune systems: HIV/AIDS, organ transplants, chemotherapy, or long-term steroids.
    • Smoking: Damages natural lung defenses.

Prevention

  • Get vaccinated: Vaccines for some types of pneumonia and the flu are available. Consult your doctor.
  • Ensure children are vaccinated.
  • Practice good hygiene: Wash hands regularly or use alcohol-based hand sanitizer.
  • Don't smoke: Smoking harms lung defenses.
  • Keep your immune system strong: Sleep well, exercise, and maintain a healthy diet.

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