Cervical Cancer

What is the function of the cervix?

The cervix is the lower narrow end of the uterus that connects the upper part of the uterus (womb) with the vagina (birth canal).

What is cervical cancer?

• Cervical cancer develops when cells in the cervix begin to grow out of control and can invade nearby tissues or spread throughout the body.
• It usually develops very slowly.

Screening Methods

• Pap Test: Detects abnormal cells in the cervix, including cancer cells and precancerous changes.
• HPV DNA Test: Tests for HPV infection in cervical cells, which can lead to cervical cancer.
• Colposcopy: Used when abnormal cells are suspected; involves taking a biopsy for lab testing.

Stages of Cervical Cancer

• Stage I: Cancer is only in the cervix.
• Stage II: Cancer spreads beyond the cervix to the pelvic wall.
• Stage III: Cancer spreads to the lower vagina, nearby lymph nodes, and the pelvic wall.
• Stage IV: Cancer spreads to the rectum, bladder, or other body parts.

Causes of Cervical Cancer

• Mainly caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).
• For most women, HPV goes away without causing problems.

Risk Factors

• Smoking.
• Long-term use of birth control pills (5 years or more).
• Immunodeficiency diseases or weakened immunity.

Symptoms

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding.
• Persistent vaginal discharge.
• Pain during sexual intercourse.

Prevention

• Avoid Smoking.
• Regular Pap Tests:
• Start at age 25.
• HPV Vaccination:
• Recommended for males and females starting from the age of 13.

Frequency

• Ages 25–29: Every 3 years.
• Ages 30–65: Every 5 years.

Screening Process

• A small sample is taken from the cervix and sent to a lab to check for abnormal changes.
• If abnormalities are found, a colposcopy is performed, and a biopsy may be taken.

Treatment

• Treatment depends on:
• The stage of cancer.
• Other health conditions.

Treatment options

• Surgery.
• Radiation therapy.
• Chemotherapy.
• Immunotherapy (enhances the immune system to fight cancer).