Colon Cancer

What is Colorectal Cancer?

• Colorectal cancer is a type of cancer of the gastrointestinal tract that affects the last part of the intestine (large intestine) or the last 15 cm of the colon (rectum).
• It often begins as small polyps in the intestines, which typically do not cause symptoms but can turn into cancer if not removed.

Symptoms

Sometimes, colorectal cancer may not show abnormal symptoms, making it challenging to detect. Symptoms that warrant visiting a doctor include:

• Persistent abdominal disturbances, such as painful cramps, gas, or pain.
• Rectal bleeding or blood in the stool.
• A constant change in bowel movements, including diarrhea, constipation, or changes in stool consistency.
• Feeling that the bowel is not completely empty.
• Unexplained weight loss.
• Weakness and fatigue.

Risk Factors

Though the exact causes are unknown, risk factors include:

• Age: 90% of cases occur in individuals over the age of 50.
• Family History: Having a family member diagnosed with colon cancer before age 60.
• Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Conditions like Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis.
• Lifestyle Factors:
• Diets low in fiber and high in fats, calories, or red meat.
• Excessive obesity and lack of physical activity.
• Smoking: Smokers are at higher risk than non-smokers.

Early Detection

• Routine screening is the best way to reduce the chances of developing colorectal cancer.
• Polyps can be detected and removed before they turn into cancer.
• Early detection significantly increases cure rates.

Screening Tests

Starting at the age of 40, recommended screenings include:

• Colonoscopy: Every 10 years.
• Guaiac-based fecal occult blood test: Annually.

Prevention Factors to Reduce the Risk of Colorectal Cancer

• Commitment to Screenings: Regular screenings for early detection.
• Lifestyle Changes:
• Eating plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
• Following a balanced diet to increase vitamin and mineral intake.
• Reducing fats, especially saturated fats.
• Limiting red and processed meat consumption.
• Maintaining a healthy weight.
• Exercising regularly.
• Drinking enough water (6–8 glasses daily).
• Avoiding alcohol and quitting smoking.